Burns are common injuries among children, ranging from minor scalds to life-threatening burns. They occur when the skin or other body tissues are damaged by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

Because children’s skin is more sensitive and thinner, they are at higher risk for severe burns. Prompt treatment is essential to minimize damage and prevent complications such as infection or scarring.

1. Types of Burns

A. Thermal Burns

• Caused by heat sources such as flames, hot liquids, steam, or objects.
• Common in children: Hot water, cooking utensils, or playing near fire.

Examples:
✔ Scalds from hot liquids or steam (most common in young children).
✔ Flame burns from house fires, fireworks, or matches.
✔ Contact burns from touching hot objects like stoves, irons, or radiator heaters.

B. Chemical Burns

• Occur when the skin comes into contact with strong acids or alkalis (e.g., cleaning products, bleach, or battery acid).
• Symptoms may not be immediately visible but can cause deep tissue damage.

C. Electrical Burns

• Caused by contact with electrical currents or lightning strikes.
• Can cause severe damage to internal tissues, even if the skin doesn’t show obvious signs.

D. Radiation Burns

• Result from exposure to radiation sources, such as sunburn or radiation therapy.
• Symptoms: Skin reddens, blisters, and becomes painful.

2. Causes of Burns in Children

• Hot Water/Scalding: Accidental spillage of hot liquids, especially in young children who may not recognize hot objects.
• Fire & Flame Injuries: Playing too close to open flames (candles, matches, fire pits).
• Electric Burns: Contact with exposed electrical outlets or wires.
• Sunburns: Extended exposure to the sun without proper sunscreen or protective clothing.
• Chemical Exposure: Ingesting or touching harmful household chemicals.

3. Symptoms of Burns

A. Mild to Moderate Burns (First and Second Degree)

• Redness or pinkness of the skin.
• Pain and tenderness at the burn site.
• Blisters (for second-degree burns).
• Swelling or puffiness around the affected area.
• Skin may appear wet or shiny in the case of second-degree burns.

B. Severe Burns (Third Degree)

• Skin appears charred, white, or leathery.
• Loss of sensation at the burn site due to nerve damage.
• Severe swelling and skin loss.
• Shock, characterized by rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and pale or clammy skin.

4. Burn Severity Classification

A. First-Degree Burns (Superficial Burns)

• Only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is affected.
• Causes redness, pain, and mild swelling.
• Heal within 5-7 days without scarring.
• Example: Sunburn.

B. Second-Degree Burns (Partial Thickness Burns)

• Affects the epidermis and part of the dermis (inner skin layer).
• Causes blisters, intense redness, pain, and swelling.
• May take 2-3 weeks to heal and could leave scarring.

C. Third-Degree Burns (Full Thickness Burns)

• Damages all layers of the skin, possibly affecting deeper tissues, muscles, and bones.
• The skin may appear charred or white, and the burn site may be pain-free due to nerve destruction.
• Requires immediate medical attention and could require skin grafts or surgery.

5. Treatment of Burns

A. First Aid for Burns

1. Immediate First Aid

• Cool the burn: Hold the burn under cool (not cold) running water for at least 10-20 minutes or apply a cold compress.
• Avoid ice or very cold water as this may further damage the tissue.
• Remove tight clothing or jewelry around the burn site if possible (without causing more harm).
• Cover the burn: Use a clean cloth, sterile gauze, or non-stick bandage to cover the burn. Avoid using cotton as it may stick to the burn.
• Pain Relief: Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen (under proper dosage and supervision).
• Seek medical attention if the burn is severe or if you are unsure about the extent of the injury.

2. For Second-Degree Burns

• Treat as a first-degree burn, but if the burn is large or deep, seek immediate medical care.
• Do not pop blisters as it may increase the risk of infection.

3. For Third-Degree Burns

• Call emergency services immediately (911 or local emergency number).
• Do not attempt to remove burned clothing; cover the child with a clean cloth and keep them warm while waiting for medical help.
• Avoid applying ice or ointments to severe burns.

B. Hospital and Surgical Treatment

• Fluid Resuscitation: Severe burns, especially third-degree burns, cause fluid loss, and children may need intravenous (IV) fluids to rehydrate and maintain blood pressure.
• Wound Care: Doctors may apply antibiotic creams and dressings to prevent infection.
• Surgical Intervention: In cases of severe burns, skin grafts may be needed to repair damaged skin.
• Pain Management: Stronger pain relievers (opioids or other prescribed medications) may be used.

6. Complications of Burns

• Infection: Burns break the skin barrier, making the area vulnerable to bacteria.
• Scarring & Contractures: Severe burns can cause permanent scarring, and sometimes skin tightens, restricting movement.
• Hypovolemic Shock: Severe burns can lead to fluid loss, causing low blood pressure and shock.
• Breathing Problems: Burns involving the face or airway can cause difficulty breathing.
• Psychological Impact: Burns can have long-lasting emotional and psychological effects.

7. Prevention of Burns in Children

A. At Home

• Keep hot liquids out of reach: Never carry hot drinks or food while holding a child.
• Install safety devices: Use stove guards, fireplace screens, and fire alarms.
• Childproof electrical outlets: Use outlet covers and ensure electrical cords are out of reach.
• Use sunscreen when outdoors to prevent sunburn.

B. In the Kitchen

• Turn pot handles inward to prevent children from pulling them down.
• Keep hot objects away from the edge of countertops.

C. Fire Safety

• Teach children about the dangers of fire and matches.
• Ensure your home has working smoke detectors and fire extinguishers.